Being a Part of a Team More Important Than Leading It

â€Å"Being some portion of a group is a higher priority than driving it. † It is too troublesome nowadays during the intricacy of business and corporate strain to work out groups, so as to determine business challenges circumstances like assistance, item remodel, turnaround recuperation plans, dispatch new items, meet the market changes and difficulties it’s imperative to focus on building a team.Team, by idea, is a gathering of individuals whom could be chosen or named as a rule by the executives; the job is to execute a specific business â€Å"mission† inside the association under an extremely clear objectives and destinations with a characterized course of events just as expectations. Presently a day’s both economy and the business becoming quick and the difficulties is ceaselessly increasing.New ideas came up, new innovation and new methodologies developed ,the world moving extremely quick ,everything now in a mass, creation in a mass ,corporate in a mass ,so all the individuals they don’t have the opportunity to work exclusively to accomplish the mission allocated to them ,so now the procedures to work in a gathering concocted all the difficulties we have it, one individual can’t take care of the issue directly from the first run through and with required time.Single individual doesn’t have the opportunity, the necessary abilities and/or the aptitude to achieve different errands, task that must be completed effectively so as to effectively handle the issue of intrigue. By wording we are considering it a group not a gathering, consequently there is a major distinction between the both, we can’t call the football or ball group a football gathering, dislike the group, group ordinarily have one objective, one strategic, undertaking and one issue to illuminate, however the gathering is a gathering of individuals from better place and diverse target yet they got together, Like an arbitrary example taken. T here is no I in group however there is in win† , group must have a congruity between each other’s and with the group head they should have a similar soul and similar difficulties with various aptitudes/encounters to finish each other’s and reach to the perfect group, â€Å"I am an individual from a group, and I depend in the group, I concede to it and penance for it, in light of the fact that the group not the individual is a definitive champion†, It isn't just the issue to frame a group and assign a group chief to let the group working under his/her training, yet all the colleague including the group head must be a successful part, and to be a viable colleague it is must have acceptable relationship building abilities and relational abilities notwithstanding a high solid specialized range of abilities, the rules for being a viable colleague include: ResponsibleA colleague must be a proactive ,on the off chance that they came to know there is an errand sho uld be illuminate or done, the colleague have what it takes to do it ,a colleague needs to step up and do it and to be trustworthy to do decent amount of the work and endeavor to achieve any undertakings in a convenient way, doing so will permit the group to meet the dead line, and to be responsible if the colleague consented to take on a particular assignment. It is likewise critical to convey his guarantees and on the off chance that he faces troubles in taking care of the difficult he needs to impart to the group at the opportune time so they can think of choices to take care of an issue and meet the dead lines just as commitments, subsequently the group can meet the objective wanted. Adequately communicationGood relational abilities s significant for a compelling colleague, that’s mean all the colleagues must be available to one another, converse with one another, listen great and demonstrate the regard to the new thoughts and take the instinctive to share to increase the value of the thoughts created by any colleague, this is imperative to reach to the a decent rules to accomplish the group crucial the end, a decent correspondence style includes trustworthiness, cordiality, painstakingness, and high caliber in accomplishing the objectives. Regard As a colleague, one needs to regard different individuals and see every part is an aptitude in his field and has the enough information to meet the assignment required from him, the regard disposition must be appeared between all the individuals and in this manner there is nobody better than the other, all are equivalent and complete each other’s. ContributionAll the colleagues must contribute with one another every part should do the his/her full endeavors and commitment to meet the group destinations and objectives, this one of the significant job for a viable group pioneer to get all the part share similarly the commitment and spread the soul of working in a successful blue-green to allow the gro up to succeed. Group could experience the ill effects of a colleague who isn't coordinating, or mixing, or profiting the group with his skill and information. An overview led by The American Institutes for Research, indicated that 33% of 1,000 or more respondent associations revealed that solid inner opposition and additionally damage is a critical hindrance to be defeated making progress toward effective group usage. Strife of interestConflict is unavoidable at whatever point we work in a group, every part has an alternate perspectives/sentiments and at some point stuck on it, as a compelling colleague one must deal with it and show the other part regarding of his/her perspectives and attempt work with and adjusted it gradually to show the positive on the off chance that we do some modification or changes for the part perspectives and this one of the most widely recognized troubles meet a successful t eam. Thanks Not the entirety of the colleagues do similar endeavors, it not the s ame as one part to the next, and here the job of the group head seem to give the credit to the part who do the best endeavors and urge different individuals to do likewise and get the credit and keep up the work, yet this strategies must be finished by the correct method to evade any awful emotions against the other part. All the previously mentioned guides rose toward go after a viable colleague to accomplish the group crucial, objectives. The manner in which a group plays overall decides its prosperity, you may have the best bundle ofcindividual stars on the planet, however on the off chance that they don’t play together, the club won’t merit a dime† , as we secured the rules to have a viable colleague, presently it comes the job of the group head, the destinations, the objectives and the authority style. The administration style is basically the examples of conduct a pioneer receives to design propel and control, it is the degree to tunes in, set the objective s and guidelines, create activity plan (long/present moment), manage others, gives his/her criticism and compensate and rebuff. In spite of the fact that the pioneers face a boundless scope of circumstances, research has indicated that there are six styles or standards of conduct that they apply to the circumstances they experience: 1-The coercive styleThis style essential target is quick consistence from workers however its drawback is absence of adaptability, strengthening and obligation. This style can be utilized in straight forward assignments and in emergency circumstance (group needs clear headings and you have significant data), yet it is a least compelling in a mind boggling errands and over the long haul. 2-The legitimate style This style essential goal is giving long haul heading and vision for the group, the drawback is that it’s not great with master gatherings, this is can be increasingly powerful when another vision is required and new colleague needs direction , this style ought to be evaded when representatives are experienced and know so a lot if close to the pioneer. 3-The affiliative styleThis style has the essential target of making the amicability among workers and between the pioneer and the group, the drawbacks of this style is absence of helpful input and bearing, this style to be utilized increasingly compelling in a direct undertaking and with a satisfactory presentation, this is style ought to be stayed away from when employees’ execution is deficient and restorative execution criticism is required. 4-The popularity based style This style has the essential goal of building responsibility and agreement among representatives, the drawback of this style is the tedious, leave colleague confounded, this style is progressively compelling when the colleague are skilled and have an information more than the group head and least viable in emergency circumstance and there is no an ideal opportunity for a gatherings or conversatio ns. 5-The pacesetting styleThis style has the essential target of achieving errands to an exclusive expectation of greatness, the drawback of this style can bring down good and lead to sentiments of being overpowered and compelled, this style increasingly powerful when colleagues are additionally pacesetters and asset or time limitations require the pioneer inclusion. This style is least viable when course of the group is muddled and colleagues are unconvinced 6-The instructing style This style has the essential target of workers long haul proficient turn of events, this is style isn't viable when representative needs inspiration, impervious to changing, or pioneer needs ability, this style best hen the colleague have an away from of goals and are spurred, this style is least powerful if the colleagues are new and have an absence of experience, it’s imperative to maintain a strategic distance from this style during emergency circumstance. Before applying any style from the pr eviously mentioned authority styles, the pioneer needs to invigorate his/her contemplating which style to utilize, and how the style will influences others inspiration, the viable chief needs to analyze the interest of the circumstance, the experience of the group, the qualities and shortcoming of the colleague, another measurement to watch is the multifaceted nature of the errand, time pressure, assets accessible, and keep a receptive outlook and watch out for changes in the situation.Leader ought to abstain from utilizing one style as a propensity, the style should coordinate the circumstance as one style doesn't have any significant bearing for all ,the group head needs to choose a style that best fit the circumstance and e

Example of Term Paper Outline

Model for Outlining a Research/Term Paper Before you begin composing get your thoughts down in a legitimate grouping that you would then be able to use to extend while really composing the paper. This is just intended to be a model and a guide; focus on your teacher’s directions for the task and arrangement guidelines for their group. Recognize what style design your educator needs you to utilize †APA or MLA. Proposal articulation: Example: The expense of clinical consideration in the United States is making the poor get unacceptable consideration. Key focuses: Examples of conceivable key focuses for the above proposition proclamation: 1.Paying for clinical consideration is past the scope of poor people. 2. Paying for clinical protection is past the scope of poor people if not offered by their managers. 3. The poor are compelled to use over-broadened and under-staffed clinical offices in the event that they can't manage the cost of care. 4. Is it accurate to say that we a re morally answerable for thinking about poor people? 5. What might potential choices be to providing clinical consideration for poor people? You can utilize the proposal proclamation and key focuses to make an early on passage; at that point you will extend in the remainder of the paper on the proposition and key focuses. Instances of developing key focuses: Key point 1.Paying for clinical consideration is past the compass of poor people. < Expand your thoughts for this subject †this could be at least one sections. > Demonstrate why and how clinical consideration is past poor people. Normal expense of clinical consideration rather than normal compensations. The poor need to utilize centers and other free consideration. Key point 2. Paying for clinical protection is past the scope of poor people if not offered by their managers. Can the normal laborer bear the cost of medicinal services costs regardless of whether they have them. Normal expenses of social insurance plans. On the off chance that a business doesn't gracefully social insurance benefits in what manner would employees be able to get it. Key point 3.The poor are compelled to use over-broadened and under-staffed clinical offices in the event that they can't manage the cost of care. What sort of offices are accessible to individuals who can’t manage the cost of medicinal services. What are impediments for utilizing those offices (salary, and so forth ). Are these offices satisfactorily staffed and supported. Upsides and downsides for these offices †I. e. better than no human services by any stretch of the imagination, don’t see a similar specialist, and so on. Key point 4. Is it accurate to say that we are morally answerable for thinking about poor people? Does a general public have a moral duty to deal with its poor? Moral and moral establishments †strict, moral, philosophical.Economic/political purposes behind giving or not giving social insurance. Key point 5. Wha t might potential choices be to providing clinical consideration for poor people? What models exist in different nations? Do they appear to work? What elective models are accessible in this nation? I. e. Religious, private establishments like The Shriners, and so forth. What factors/foundations would battle against change in medicinal services? I. e. Pharmaceutical organizations, insurance agencies, non-adaptable reasoning, and so forth. Synopsis/Conclusion: Create a key outline sentence/passage that proclaims a wrap-up of ideas you have shrouded in the paper.You may need to rapidly sum up your primary thoughts. This should progress into a Conclusion of your thoughts on the theme. The determination could be a different passage or this area could be more than one section. Reference/Works Cited: List of the sources you utilized recorded as a hard copy the paper. Adhere to your teacher’s directions for number required and organization. Glossary: Thesis proclamation †a conci se sentence introducing the central matter of a powerful composition, normally in the early on passage. Key focuses †those thoughts that you will use to help your proposal and develop in the content of the paper.Summary †a short explanation that presents or recaps the central matters in a brief structure. Decision †conclude in a coherent, contemplated way the thoughts that you have upheld in your paper. References/Works Cited: Citation †a short note perceiving a wellspring of data or of a cited section. Works refered to †a page toward the finish of an exploration piece that rundowns all the assets that you utilized. Incidental reference †a reference style in which in-content references must be encased inside brackets and implanted in the passage, instead of the commentary style.Footnote †A concise note at the base of a page, or on a different page toward the finish of a paper (at that point normally called an Endnote), clarifying or developing a po int in the content or demonstrating the wellspring of a citation or thought. Research/Term Paper Outline Worksheet Thesis articulation: Where will I discover data on this theme? Print †Internet †Journals †Interviews †and so on. Has the educator indicated where you are to search for data? What assets you are not to utilize? What number of sources you are to utilize? Key Points †list the key focuses to explore dependent on your proposition articulation: 1. . 3. 4. 5. On isolated pieces of paper develop every one of your key focuses †writing down extra thoughts or starting to really compose. Synopsis/Conclusion: On a different piece of paper sum up and reach a resolution on your subject. This is the place you are bringing it home and wrapping up the paper. Works refered to: List the assets that you have utilized. Make sure to utilize the style your educator determined †APA or MLA. Utilize this layout to start composing your paper. At the point when yo u have finished a draft †read, alter and revise.

Match Game

Match Game It may have been snowing outside, but inside, its raining applications. Unfortunately, I missed another classic IAP event last night: the annual 6.270 Robot Competition. Modeled after MITs world-famous 2.70/2.007 robotics competition, 6.270 throws in an interesting twist: the robots must be autonomous. The competition is so popular, they hold it in the 1200 seat Kresge Auditorium on campus. Here on my blog, there has been a lot of interesting discussion after my last post, and lots of good questions, too. I hope to answer many of those questions soon, but today Ill start with the question that seems to be most prominent: what does it mean to be a good match for MIT? What do we look for? Alignment with MITs mission. The founding mission of MIT was to improve the world through science and technology. The Task Force on Student Life Learning aka the Task Force, which was formed during my time as an undergraduate to articulate MITs mission for the next 50 years (this is a topic for another post) reaffirmed that mission, stating, Today, the goal of discovering and applying knowledge for the benefit of society remains at the center of MITs mission. Collaborative cooperative spirit. The core of the MIT spirit is collaboration and cooperation: you can see it all over the Institute. The homework (problem sets) at MIT is designed to be worked on in groups; cross-department labs are very common; MIT is known for its interdisciplinary research; the Open Source movement is powerful here; publishing and sharing of results is the center of academic research. Fostering a collaborative environment is an important part of the MIT community. Initiative. Opportunities abound at MIT, but they must be seized. Research projects and seed money and interesting lectures and all that good stuff isnt handed to students on a silver platter, but for those students who take initiative, who take advantage of whats around them, MITs resources are unparalleled. Initiative is also coupled with risk-taking. Risk-taking. Asian Mom provided a great quotation from Marilee Jones, our Dean of Admissions:

Clash And Crash Of Civilizations - 777 Words

1. What is in REAL Cosmology Terms Human Brain Indeed? 2. Clash Crash of Civilizations in The Vision of Cosmology? 3. The Parenthood Principle. Natural Unnatural Parents Upbringing Children, Cosmic Rules? Behind Parenting Principle? (last from ‘Logic’ #28, Livets Bog II #291) 4. What Are The Essential Cosmic ‘Messages’ of Christmas and Easter? 5. Why are some people Mental ‘Elevators’? 6. What is indeed ‘Doomsday’? 7. How to achieve TOLERANCE towards Self and Others? 8. What Are Spiritual Bodies? 9. Where to DRAW ‘RED LINE’? 10. What is Cosmic Analysis of Solomon’s Temple? On Work add between 60/61 11. Why Eyesight is Apparently Deteriorating in People? 12. Gossip and Slander in Cosmic Analyses? 13. Why Beings DO NOT CANNOT switch poles after each Reincarnation? And between 17/18 14. Pro or Against ABORTUS in Cosmology? 15. Why is strictly against Cosmic Laws to Give Body Parts and CREMATE After Death? Add Between 46/47 16. Euthanasia, Yes or No? After Loss of closest friends is Being Alone? Relationship with God! 17. How to Gain Courage for Life? 18. Why is our Organism Combination of Incarnated Beings from the Lower Spirals? 19. Dissolution Reconstruction of Matter? 20. Sensing Beyond ‘Time’ ‘Space’ Limits or ‘What is BEFORE chicken or Eggs’ question Cosmologically Explained Reformulated? One has yet to see that the creator does not precede the created. Cause must precede effect. To assert the contrary would only be to maintain an imaginedShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States1692 Words   |  7 Pagescommunicate and integrate with each other. But sometimes unforeseen events happen and crash the whole global hope for productive cooperation. On September 11, 2001, the tragedy in the USA shocked the whole world. It was the message to the US government that something had been wrong with national security. 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Mental Lexicon Definition and Examples in English

In psycholinguistics, a persons internalized knowledge of the properties of words. Also known as a mental dictionary. There are various definitions of mental lexicon. In their book The Mental Lexicon: Core Perspectives (2008), Gonia Jarema and Gary Libben attempt this definition: The mental lexicon is the cognitive system that constitutes the capacity for conscious and unconscious lexical activity. The term mental lexicon was introduced by R.C. Oldfield in the article Things, Words and the Brain (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, v. 18, 1966). Examples and Observations The fact that a speaker can mentally find the word that he/she wants in less than 200 milliseconds, and in certain cases, even before it is heard, is proof that the mental lexicon is ordered in such a way as to facilitate access and retrieval.(Pamela B. Faber and Ricardo Mairal Usà ³n, Constructing a Lexicon of English Verbs. Walter de Gruyter, 1999)The Dictionary Metaphor- What is this mental dictionary, or lexicon, like? We can conceive of it as similar to a printed dictionary, that is, as consisting of pairings of meanings with sound representations. A printed dictionary has listed at each entry a pronunciation of the word and its definition in terms of other words. In a similar fashion, the mental lexicon must represent at least some aspects of the meaning of the word, although surely not in the same way as does a printed dictionary; likewise, it must include information about the pronunciation of the word although, again, probably not in the same form as an ordinary dictionary. (D. Fay and A. Cutler, Malapropisms and the Structure of the Mental Lexicon. Linguistic Inquiry, 1977)- The  human  word-store is often referred to as the mental dictionary  or, perhaps more commonly, as the  mental  lexicon, to use the Greek word for dictionary. There is, however, relatively little similarity between the words in our minds and the words in book dictionaries, even though the information will sometimes overlap. . . .[E]ven if the mental lexicon turns out to be partially organised in terms of initial sounds, the order will certainly not be straightforwardly alphabetical. Other aspects of the words sound structure, such as its ending, its stress pattern and the stressed vowel, are all likely to play a role in the arrangement of words in the mind.Furthermore, consider a speech error such as The inhabitants of the car were unhurt. where the speaker presumably meant to say passengers rather than inhabitants. Such mistakes show that, unlike book  dictionaries, human  mental dictionaries  cannot be organized solely on the basis of sounds or spelling. Meaning must be taken into consideration as well, since humans fairly often confuse words with similar meanings, as in Please hand me the tin-opener when the speaker wants to crack a nut, so must have meant nut-crackers.(Jean Aitchison,  Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)An Australians Mental LexiconEven with hard yakka, youve got Buckleys of understanding this dinkum English sentence, unless youre an Aussie.An Australian has no difficulty understanding the above sentence, while other English speakers might struggle. The words yakka, Buckleys, and dinkum are in the vocabulary of most Australians, that is, they are stored as entries in the mental lexicon, and therefore an Australian has access to the meanings of these words and can consequently comprehend the sentence. If one possessed no mental lexicon, communication through language would be precluded.(Marcus Taft, Reading and the Mental Lexicon. Psychology Press, 1991)

Cause or Effect of Gambling Free Essays

Cause or Effect of Gambling â€Å"Che-Ching! † â€Å"Yes! Jackpot! † shouted the man as he jumped up and down. However, will his happiness last forever? The nest time the man gambled, the money in his pocket completely turned to dust. From that day onwards, like a broken glass, his life is destroyed and almost impossible to bring back happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause or Effect of Gambling or any similar topic only for you Order Now From this man’s case, clearly there are several negative effects of gambling. First of all, gambling will cause a person to have bankruptcy. Luck is not always by our side. When a person grasps a lot of money, he will have more urge to gamble and eventually lose all of his money in the end. Following up by bankruptcy, gamblers will face many hard times with loan shark. Most of them are unable to pay back as the interest rate gradually increases. Time after time, loan shark will disturb their lives and force them to pay back in any chance. Reports review that loan shark can be so inhumane that they will wreck and destroy the victim’s house, kidnap and blackmail any family members, or even strangle them to death. Subsequently, gamblers will have a broken relationship with their family. Their action brings disgrace on the whole family due to bankruptcy and being hooked by loan sharks. More trouble will occur and family members have to leave them alone, desolated and unwanted, those gamblers are led to only one road, suicidal. In conclusion, gambling can ruin and even ends a person’s life. So before one choose to gamble, one must consider the deadly effects of gambling, before thinking of being filthy rich. How to cite Cause or Effect of Gambling, Essay examples

Financial Management Common Stock Valuation Models

Question: Describe about the Financial Management for Common Stock Valuation Models. Answer: 1: Portfolio Valuation a) Covariance between shares: Correlation = Covariance of both stock return / (SD of stock 1 * SD of stock 2) -0.3 = Covariance of both stock return / (18% * 32%) Covariance of both stock return = -0.3 * (18% * 32%) Covariance of both stock return = -0.01728 b) Expected return and SD of the portfolio: Expected return from the portfolio: Expected return= w1R1+ w2R2 Expected return= (35% * 12%)+ (65% * 24%) Expected return= 4.2%+ 15.6% Expected return= 19.80% Standard Deviation from the portfolio: Variance = [(w12R12) + (w12R12) + (2* R1 * R2 *CovR1R2) Variance = [(((35%)^2)*((18%)^2))+(((65%)^2)*((32%)^2))+(2 * 35% * 65% * -0.01728)] Variance = 3.94% Standard Deviation = Variance Standard Deviation = 3.94% Standard Deviation = 19.84% c) Depicting the weight of portfolio: Weighted of Jay shares: Expected return= (R1 R2) / R2 15.60%= W1 * (12% 24%) / 24% W1 = 70% Weighted of Kay shares: Expected return= (R2 R1) / R1 15.60%= W2 * (24% 12%) / 12% W1 = 30% d) Calculating the variance and SD of the portfolio: Variance = [(w12R12) + (w12R12) + (2* R1 * R2 *CovR1R2) Variance = [(((70%)^2)*((18%)^2))+(((30%)^2)*((32%)^2))+(2 * 70% * 30% * -0.01728)] Variance = 1.78% Standard Deviation = Variance Standard Deviation = 1.78% Standard Deviation = 13.35% 2: Bond Valuation a) Calculating the Market price of each bond: Bond A B C Total Period 5 10 8 Yield Rate 7.50% 7.50% 7.50% Half Year Coupon Rate 6.50% Coupon Payment 0 65 55 Coupon Rate p.a. 0% 5.50% No. of Coupon Payments 0 20 8 Half Yearly Yield Rate 3.75% 3.75% Face Value 1000 1000 1000 Market Price of Bonds 1000 1382.15 882.85 b) Classifying the bond on premium, par, or discount: The Face value and market value of Bond A has not changed, which only depicts the bond as At Par. In addition, the Bond Bs market value is higher than its face value, which depicts that the bond classification as At Premium. Furthermore, Bond Cs market value is lower than its face value, which classifies the bond as At Discount. c) Depicting the number of bond that needs to be issued by Jasmine for raising the capital: Total number for Bond sales = Total capital requirement / Bond B market price Total number for Bond sales = $465260 / 1382.15 Total number for Bond sales = 337 In addition, Jasmine needs to sell around 337 of Bond B to attain the capital of $465,260. 3: Share valuation a) Depicting the current market price of NoChange Ltd with no growth potential: Zero growth dividend model = Dividend / (Discounting rate) Zero growth dividend model = $4.25 / 10% Zero growth dividend model = $42.5 b) Depicting the current market price of ConstantGrowth Ltd with growth potential: Constant growth dividend model = Future Dividend / (Discounting rate Growth rate) Constant growth dividend model = (Current dividend * Growth rate) / (Discounting rate Growth rate) Constant growth dividend model = ($4.25 * 4%) / (10% - 4%) Constant growth dividend model = $73.67 c) Depicting the current market price of SteadyGrowth Ltd: Steady growth dividend model = Future Dividend / (Discounting rate Growth rate) Steady growth dividend model = $4.25 / (10% - 4%) Steady growth dividend model = $70.83 d) Depicting the current market price of SuperGrwoth Ltd: The super normal growth for three years D1 = $4.25 * 1.12 = $4.76 D2 = $4.76 * 1.12 = $5.3312 D3 = $5.3312 * 1.12 = $5.970944 ) / (0.10 - 0.04) P3 = $103.496 After three years, steady growth rate of 4% P3 = D3 * (1 + g) / (R - g) P3 = ($5.970944 * 1.04 Present valuation of the share price: P0 = D1 / (1+R)1 + D2 / (1+R)1/2 + D3 / (1+R) 1/3 + P3 / (1+R) 1/3 P0 = $4.76 / (1.10) + $5.3312 / (1.10) 1/2 + $5.970944 / (1.10) 1/2 + $103.496 / (1.10)3 P0 = 4.3272 + 4.406 + 4.486 + 77.7581 P0 = $90.977 e) Depicting the current market price of QuickGrowth Ltd: The super normal growth for three years D1 = 4.25 D2 = $4.25 * 1.12 = $4.76 D3 = $4.76 * 1.12 = $5.3312 D4 = $5.3312 * 1.12 = $5.970944 After three years, steady growth rate of 4% P4 = D4 * (1 + g) / (R - g) P4 = ($5.970944 * 1.04) / (0.10 - 0.04) P4 = $103.496 Present valuation of the share price: P0 = D1 / (1+R) + D2 / (1+R)1/2 + D3 / (1+R)1/3 + D4 / (1+R)1/4 + P4 / (1+R)1/4 P0 = $4.25 / (1.10) + $4.76 / (.10)1/2 + $5.3312 / (.10) 1/3 + $5.970944 / (.10) 1/4 + $103.496 / (.10) 1/4 P0 = 3.8636 + 3.93388 + 4.0054 + 4.0782 + 70.689 P0 = $86.57033 Conclusion: The overall report mainly helps in depicting the calculation of bond valuation, portfolio valuation and share price valuation. In addition, the novice with the help of effective formula was able to complete the assignments requirements. Furthermore, the understanding of calculations mainly help in providing the working for different calculations. Recommendation: The calculation of bond valuation, portfolio valuation and share price valuation could be effective used by the novice for detecting the prices of a security. In addition, these formulas could be applied in the real world for determining the risk and return, which could be generated from a particular investment. Bibliography: Anderson, R.N. and Haslem, J.A., 2015. Common Stock Valuation Models: Estimation of the Discount Rate Using the Geometric-Mean Criterion.Baylor Business Studies,7(2), pp.41-45. Ballotta, L. and Kyriakou, I., 2015. Convertible bond valuation in a jump diffusion setting with stochastic interest rates.Quantitative Finance,15(1), pp.115-129. Berthelot, S., Francoeur, C. and Labelle, R., 2012. Corporate governance mechanisms, accounting results and stock valuation in Canada.International Journal of Managerial Finance,8(4), pp.332-343. Brada, J., 2014. Use of Forward Interest Rates and Forward Exchange Rates for the Valuation of Currency-Interest Rate Derivatives.ÄŒesk finanÄ n a Ä etn Ä asopis,2014(1). Cici, G., Kempf, A. and Ptz, A., 2013, May. The valuation of hedge funds' equity positions. InAFA 2012 Chicago Meetings Paper. Entrop, O., Peters, C. and Wilkens, M., 2014. Open-End Knock-Outs on Bond Futures: Valuation, Properties and Estimation of Hidden Profit Drivers.Properties and Estimation of Hidden Profit Drivers (April 21, 2014). Guojun, W., Donghua, C. and Dequan, J., 2014. Does Differentiated Dividend Tax Affect Stock Valuation?.Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences,4, p.004. Iacob, M.E., Quartel, D. and Jonkers, H., 2012, September. Capturing business strategy and value in enterprise architecture to support portfolio valuation. InEnterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC), 2012 IEEE 16th International(pp. 11-20). IEEE. Parrino, R, Kidwell, D, Au Yong, H, Morkel-Kingsbury, N, Dempsey, M and Murray, J 2011, Fundamentals of corporate finance, 1st edn, Wiley, Sydney. Quartel, D., Steen, M.W. and Lankhorst, M.M., 2012. Application and project portfolio valuation using enterprise architecture and business requirements modelling.Enterprise Information Systems,6(2), pp.189-213. Tian, Y., Rood, R. and Oosterlee, C.W., 2013. Efficient portfolio valuation incorporating liquidity risk.Quantitative Finance,13(10), pp.1575-1586. Vicente, M., Gama, N. and da Silva, M.M., 2013, September. The value of itil in enterprise architecture. InEnterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC), 2013 17th IEEE International(pp. 147-152). IEEE.

Problems of Public Meeting

Public meetings make it easier for societies to come up with the best solutions to their problems. The purpose of public meetings is to address certain challenges affecting different communities. They encourage more people to come together and express their opinions.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Problems of Public Meeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The targeted public meeting focused on the issue of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) undertakes similar annual meetings in order to inform the public about the energy issues affecting the country. The purpose of this meeting was to analyze the developments and issues surrounding the use of SMRs. The meeting was organized by the USNRC. The elected officials considered the major problems emerging from the use of SMRs. The facilitator wanted the elected officials to deliver their research findings and opi nions to the public. The function of the advisory committee was to deliver quality information to the interested parties. The organizers enjoined different members of the public. The video can be retrieved from â€Å"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpCWHWysosk†. According to the NRC, public involvement is something critical towards the success of its projects. This practice ensures there is fair regulation of the country’s nuclear industry. Public meetings encourage citizens to present their suggestions. The agency also posts such annual meetings on its website. The agency’s website is â€Å"https://www.nrc.gov/†. The facilitator also ensured the meeting was convenient to the public. The meeting took place in the afternoon. This consideration encouraged more citizens and stakeholders to attend the public meeting. The agency used its premises in order to get the best outcomes.Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This strategy attracted more industrial players, policymakers, and members of the public. The role of the committee was to present its facts on the use of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). The staff identified the opportunities, gaps, and innovations associated with such SMRs. The relevant members of staff also gathered the required feedbacks from different citizens. They also made the relevant suggestions and recommendations depending on the information gathered from the public. They also obtained expert-opinions from different stakeholders in the nuclear energy industry. The citizens were the prime targets of this specific public meeting. The mission of this meeting was to support the use of SMRs. The organizers of the meeting encouraged different citizens to present their feedbacks, questions, and suggestions. Such questions were answered in a professional manner. The agency also encouraged more people to present t heir recommendations. A suggestion box was provided in order to collect more ideas and views from the public. The organizers took most of these ideas into consideration. This fact explains why citizens play a critical role in every public meeting. The other notable thing during the meeting was the role of the media. A number of journalists were evident in the meeting. These journalists took some notes. They also interviewed different stakeholders and scientists. The media is relevant because it informs more citizens about the issues discussed in every meeting. A number of people raised their issues and concerns regarding the use of different nuclear energies. Such individuals were ready to present their special interests. The problem of environmental degradation is currently affecting many communities and societies.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Problems of Public Meeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such Special Interest Groups (SIGs) wanted to understand the commitment of the NRC towards safeguarding the natural environment. It is agreeable that nuclear energy cannot be separated from land management. The agency explained how it was addressing the issues related to land use in the country. The organizers also addressed the connection between urban land-use and nuclear energy production. The organizers of the meeting also addressed the health and economic issues associated with such nuclear plants. The NRC encouraged every attendee to visit its website. Such individuals would learn more about NRC’s nuclear projects. However, the meeting failed to address some critical issues such as the loss of different agricultural lands. It is also anticipated that more land concerns will arise in the future. This development will occur due to the continued acceptance of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). There were no agenda items related to the issue at the other levels of government. T he organizers of the meeting were ready to consider the recommendations presented by different citizens. The agency also undertakes similar meetings every year. This practice shows clearly that the agency has been implementing most of the recommendations presented by different industry players. The agency has also been welcoming many researchers and engineers from different learning institutions. This practice has been supporting the goals of the NRC. The meeting was also characterized by public hearings. Such public hearings influenced the decisions made by the appointed officials. Such officials believed that it was appropriate to consider most of the issues raised by different stakeholders. The NRC always collaborates with the public in order to produce the best outcomes.Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This fact also explains why the NRC always encourages the participation of many stakeholders and the public. I also believe that the agency should attract more stakeholders in order to ensure there is fair management of the industry. The practice will also regulate the American nuclear industry. This practice will produce new policies and practices that can improve the living conditions of many people. The strategy will also address most of the fears associated with the continued use of nuclear energy. The meeting did not identify any issue related to grants from higher levels of government. The meeting focused on the major developments and issues associated with these Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). However, the government should support the project in order to make it more sustainable. This approach will ensure such Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) support the lives of many communities in the country. It would be agreeable that this was a worthwhile public meeting. To begin with, the meeting attracted many people from different sectors. The inclusion of certain stakeholders such as industrial players, engineers, scientists, and researchers resulted in the best results. The participants did not give the best representation of the targeted community. However, the public meeting highlighted the developments associated with Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). This event provided a new opportunity for identifying better practices. This approach was critical towards building consensus. This practice is necessary whenever dealing with specific issues that affect the community. Future meetings should focus on the safety measures associated with these Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). Such meetings should also disseminate the necessary decisions, information, and data to every person in the community. This practice has the potential to increase public awareness. It will also ensure more people support the use of nuclear energy. These public meetings are important because they ad dress most of the challenges affecting different communities. The NRC has been using such events to highlight the major developments arising from its nuclear innovations. This fact explains why I am planning to attend similar public meetings in the future. I also made several observations during the meeting. Most of the attendees were ready to interact with different speakers. Most of the speakers were passionate about the targeted agenda. They wanted every person to understand the targeted issues clearly. The professionals in the targeted field avoided the use of difficult words and terminologies. This approach ensured every member of the public understood the intended messages. I think that more people should be encouraged to attend such meetings. This practice will make it easier for them to participate in different policy-making processes. I now understand why organizers should invite different players from every sector. The practice can result in the best policies and ideas. Th e approach will ensure more individuals in the society benefit from these meetings. Public meetings are useful because they inform more people about the issues affecting their societies. These meetings inform the public about the major challenges affecting their lives. They also identify the best practices that can improve their lives. Learning is always an ongoing practice. That being the case, I will always be attending different public meetings even if I am not required to do so. Such meetings will make it easier for me to gain new ideas and concepts. I will also understand how different political leaders are committed towards supporting the needs of their societies. I am also encouraging more people to attend such public meetings. This practice will make it easier for them to make accurate political and economic decisions. This term paper on Problems of Public Meeting was written and submitted by user Cheyanne Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Answers to Questions About Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Constructions

Answers to Questions About Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Constructions Answers to Questions About Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Constructions Answers to Questions About Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Constructions By Mark Nichol The following questions from readers pertain to how to distinguish essential information from nonessential information. 1. A colleague of mine wrote, â€Å"Institutions need to be able to collect and collate data in a centralized tool, which is easily accessible and can be mined to inform data-analytics activities.† I corrected it to â€Å"Institutions need to be able to collect and collate data in a centralized tool that is easily accessible and can be mined to inform data-analytics activities,† but she disagrees with the edit. I know I’m right, but how do I explain it to her? In your revision, you have altered the sentence to reflect the writer’s interest in presenting the essential details that the centralized tool is easily accessible and is conducive to data mining. The original version of the sentence offers the details in an offhand fashion, set off as a subordinate clause rather than as part of the main clause. Both versions are grammatically valid, but only your revision conveys the emphasis the writer intends. 2. When is it right to put a comma in front of â€Å"such as†? In many of your examples, I notice that there is no specific standard to using â€Å"such as.† At times, you write it as â€Å", such as,† and at other times, you omit the comma preceding â€Å"such as.† Are there any rules to using a comma before â€Å"such as†? Precede â€Å"such as† with a comma when the phrase that includes the listed examples is not essential to the sentence, such as in â€Å"The program offers team sports, such as basketball and softball, for adults in recreational and competitive leagues.† Omit a comma before â€Å"such as† when the information is essential: â€Å"The program offers team sports such as the ones listed below for adults in both recreational and competitive leagues.† The wording in these examples is identical, but there’s a subtle difference in meaning: The commas in the first example set off the phrase â€Å"such as basketball and softball† as a parenthesis in the main clause â€Å"The program offers team sports for adults in recreational and competitive leagues,† which states that the program is exclusively for adults. The second sentence refers to a list of sports for adults in recreational and competitive leagues, implying that other team sports may be offered that are exclusively for children or are for adults or children alike or are only recreational or only competitive. 3. â€Å"In the sentence ‘Chairs that don’t have cushions are uncomfortable to sit on,’ I think which is acceptable in place of that, because chairs is a nonperson noun. I would appreciate if you let me know why that is the only correct answer.† The fact that chairs refers to a class of objects, rather than people, is irrelevant. That is not the only correct answer, but it is the best one. In American English, most careful writers employ that and which distinctly to clarify the difference in meaning between restrictively and nonrestrictively constructed sentences: â€Å"Chairs that don’t have cushions are uncomfortable to sit on† refers to a particular class of chairs: those without cushions. The implication is that many chairs are comfortable; the ones specifically referred to are a categorical exception. â€Å"Chairs, which don’t have cushions, are uncomfortable to sit on† expresses- erroneously- that all chairs are cushionless. (The phrase â€Å"which don’t have cushions† is parenthetical; it can be omitted without altering the meaning of the basic sentence: â€Å"Chairs are uncomfortable to sit on.† However, this sentence is also incorrect in its assertion.) Some writers will use which in both types of sentences: â€Å"Chairs which don’t have cushions are uncomfortable to sit on† and this is common in British English but most people (at least those in the United States) recognize that the distinctive wording helps strengthen the role of the commas in distinguishing meaning. By the way, although â€Å"Chairs, which don’t have cushions, are uncomfortable to sit on† and the abridged version, â€Å"Chairs are uncomfortable to sit on,† are logically erroneous comfortable chairs certainly do exist (though, unfortunately, I’m not sitting in one right now) a similarly constructed sentence can be valid: â€Å"Ostriches, which can’t fly, rely on their strong legs for mobility.† Conversely, because no ostriches are capable of flight, â€Å"Ostriches that can’t fly rely on their strong legs for mobility† is problematic. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of AdjectivesDisappointed + Preposition150 Foreign Expressions to Inspire You

Critical Thinking - Applying Evidence To Practice Essay

Critical Thinking - Applying Evidence To Practice - Essay Example 112). Smoking has been regarded as the single largest cause of preventable deaths in UK with passive smoking claimed to be taking away between 1000 and 16000 lives on non-smokers annually. Various nations including UK have enacted legislations prohibiting smoking in public places (Webber, 2011). The goal of such laws is to protect non-smokers from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke. However, there is concern about the welfare of the district nurses and other health care providers because these legislations do not cover them. Second-hand smoking is of major concern in this study because people who get exposed to it suffer involuntary unlike in the smokers who smoke at their will (Whitehead & Irvine, 2010). Its causes and effects are widely known and the menace can be prevented or reduced to a greater extent through massive campaign and implementation of proper policies to create awareness among the public. Therefore, employers should come up with policies to protect the nurse worke rs against exposure to second-hand smoking when they visit the patients in their homes. Tobacco smoke contains over 4000 chemical particles of which about 250 are toxic to a human being, and about 69 have carcinogenic effects. It has been termed as the leading single cause of death of human beings around the globe (Pearson, Field & Jordan, 2006, p 153). Exposure to smoking claims about 5 million people annually across the globe. Between 1964 and 2014, there were more than 20 million death cases related to smoking in US out of which 2.5 million occurred to non-smokers and were associated with exposure to secondary smoking. Each year smoking kills about 120,000 people in UK of which more than 11,000 die from second hand smoking (Law & MacDermid, 2013). People get exposed to second-hand smoking in various places such as the workplace, at home and

How to buy a car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to buy a car - Essay Example Know what car you would like to buy. Check out the internet and brochures about their technical specifications if they suit your preference and your needs. Check your budget for the car you would be purchasing. After browsing on the internet and many car brochures, be sure to have that money that would require you to own the car of your choice. You can then go to the store where your chosen car is available. Approach a car dealer to assist you with your purchase. Your car dealer would introduce a lot of options that would confuse you. Get straight and state your preferences and budget so that the dealer can easily assess the car for you. As you would be paraded with the many fancy cars in their showroom, get back to the reason why you are buying the car so that you will not be confused. If you have chosen the car, check out the technical specifications to make sure they suit to your needs and qualifications. Don’t be afraid, ask for test drives. You have to have a first hand e xperience with the car before purchasing it to make sure that it would be the car for you. If you have some doubts, try another one that you think might be better. In choosing the car for you, you have to be sure with everything. If you found the one, make sure it is worth it. Settle the payment methods with your car dealer and arrange for the papers and shipment of your

Israeli Air Force Experience In Bekaa Valley War

Israeli Air Force Experience In Bekaa Valley War 1. The whole world argues whether the fighting between Israel, PLO and Syrians during Beckaa Valley war should be seen as WAR or just one more tragic surge in violence in the decades-long struggle between Israel and the Palestinians/Arabs. However, the war fought by the three parties has a great impact on a lot of aspects such as technology, strategy and the method used to conduct the war. This paper studies the war in term of lessons learnt in modern air battle with central focus on Electronic Warfare (EW), phases of changes in Israelis tactic and capabilities and implication of the war on todays modern air battle in term of training, intelligent, surprise, command control and communication (C3) and electronic combat. This also will help readers to have better and in-depth understanding on how Electronic warfare can be employed effectively and the importance of certain strategy assets for a nation to defend its self in future war or conflict. RMAF air power doctrine defined the role of RMAF during war. Roles played by the Israelis Air Force (IAF) during Beckka Valley war will enable readers to have better understanding of RMAF roles during war. AIM 2. This aim of the paper is to study Israeli Air Force experience in Bekaa Valley war in term of application of modern air power and its relevant lessons to Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF). In doing so, this paper pays particular attention to employment of Electronic Warfare (EW) during the war and its relations to roles of RMAF. BACKGROUND 4. On 6 June 1982, Israel defense Force invaded Lebanon in a campaign which, would become the most controversial military action in Israels history. Operation Peace for Galilee or known as Beckaa Valley War was launched to meet five Israelis national strategy goals  [1]  : a. Eliminate the PLO threat to Israels northern border. b. Destroy the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon. c. Remove Syrian military presence in the Bekaa Valley. d. Create a stable Lebanese government. 5. The Israelis population consists of Jewish who practice the religion of Judaism while the Arabs on the other hand practice Islam as their religions. According to their bible (Tanakh) the Jewish were told that they will defeat their enemies and take control of this land no matter who is the enemy. In Koran the Islamic bible the Arabs also was promised the same land. In 1948, when the Jews formed the State of Israel, the conflict between Arabs and Israelis started and they have fought continuously throughout history  [2]  . 6. Lebanon a country comprises of two major religion groups Catholic and Muslims. It was part of Syria before the French separate it 1861. The Catholic wanted a pro western government; however the Muslim wanted a government based on Islam. In 1926 the Lebanese leaders came to a power sharing agreement that the President should be a Catholic while the Prime Minister a Sunni  [3]  . 7. People Liberation Organization (PLO) was established in Jerusalem in 1964, with main Objective to destroy the Israel and gain complete control of Palestine. In Lebanon, the PLO created State within a state gained the support of Muslim population and declared the constitutions of power sharing agreement as obsolete. They collected their own taxes, funded its own school and organized a military that able to challenge Israelis northern border  [4]  . 8. The study of Bekaa Valley war must understand why the Israelis invaded. One of the main reasons for the Invasion was, PLO shelling of northern Israel from the end of 1973 till 1982. During this period PLO manages to launch 1,548 rocket attacks and killing almost 103 people. Usually, the Israelis responded with air raid, border raid and counter shelling as preventive measures. In 1978, Israelis started to lose patient on PLO as a result of failures of their preventive measure. March 1978, Israelis launched Operation Litani with purpose of driving the PLO north of Litani River in Lebanon and create a 25 KM buffer zone. The purpose of this buffer zone was the have an area of free PLO so that they could not launch any rocket attack  [5]  . 9. United Nation manages to pressure and forced the Israel to withdraw and replaced by its own force. The aim of UN was to maintain peace within the buffer zone and reestablishes the Lebanese government. However, the peace did not last long when the PLO starting to take control and began to continue their attacks on northern Israel borders. On 3rd June 1982, Shlomo Argov Israelis ambassador to the United Kingdom was shot by terrorist. The Israelis who needed a reason blamed the PLO and at 1100 on 6 Jun 1982 the Israelis defense force launched operation Peace for Galilee  [6]  . RESEARCH QUESTION 10. The following question is examined while doing this paper: a. What are the key factors to success of Israelis Air Force (IAF)? b. What type off assets employed by the IAF to achieve success? c. What strategy used to cripple the PLO and Syrian by IAF? LITERATURE REVIEW INVASION PLANS 11. Israel Defense Force (IDF) planning for an invasion of Lebanon began in 1978. The lessons learned from the operation Litani formed the basis of the Pine Tree plan. The invasion plan comprised of three alternative plans. The first plan called for an invasion 40 kilometers into Lebanon. Its purpose was to destroy the PLO in the south and their ability to terrorize northern Israeli settlements  [7]  . 12. The second plan was a more ambitious version of the first. The IDF would advance as far north as the vicinity of Beirut. The advantage of this plan was that it would include the PLO training and operational base at Damour, some 12 kilometers south of Beirut  [8]  . 13. The third and most ambitious plan, called Big Pines, included war against both the PLO and the Syrians. This plan called for the seizing of Lebanese territory including Beirut. Civilian leadership generally favored the first plan. However, Defense Minister Sharon and some high-ranking military leaders favored the larger war of the third plan. The plan that was officially approved remains in question  [9]  . COMBAT CAPABILITY 14. Apart from planning the invasion the Israelis also started developing their assets as preparation for the invasion. Even though, Israelis dependent heavily on American technology. However, they manage to develop their own technology. The table bellows show the development of IAF assets from 1973 to 1982 (source the military balance 1973 and 1982). Manpower 1973 1982 Reqular 15,000 30,000 Reserve 20,000 37,000 Equipment 1973 1982 Combat aircraft 488 634 F-4E Phantom 95 138 Mirrage III 35 24 A-4 Skyhawk 160 174 F-15 40 F-16 74 Kfir 160 SAM 10 Hawk bty 15 Hawk bty Table 1: Israelis rapid development of assets from 1973 to 1982 RMAF ROLES 15. Air Power is defined as the ability to project military force in air or from flatform or missiles operating above the surface nation RMAF primary mission is to defend the sovereignty and integrity of the nation and its interests through the proper and effective use of aerospace power. In order to carry out this mission RMAF define its roles in air power doctrine so that employment of assets and manpower can be utilize to the fullest in war  [10]  . 16. RMAF air strategies fall essentially into four broad roles  [11]  : a. Counter Air role. b. Force Application role. c. Force Enhancement role. d. Force Sustenance role. 17. Tables bellow defined the roles in details  [12]  : ROLES OPERATIONS MISSIONS TASKS COUNTER AIR OCA Airfield Attack To attack Aircraft on ground, Ammo and Fuel dump, C4I, Airfield facilities. Fighter Sweep Seek and destroy airborne aircraft, SEAD Destroy, neutralise, and degrade Radars and early warning systems, SAMs, AAA. DCA GAI Intercept, Identify, Shadow, Intervene and/or Force down, or Engage enemy aircraft. CAP Escorts Protect FGA aircraft or HVAA. Table 2: Examples of Counter Air roles and its operations and missions ROLES OPERATIONS MISSIONS TASKS FORCE APPLICATION STRATEGIC ATTACK To destroy, neutralise, degrade or disrupt; COG and Vital points. Destroy, neutralise and degrade HQ, key industries, and fielded forces and infrastructures. INTERDICTION To destroy, neutralise, degrade, disrupt or delay: LOC, War sustaining and military potential beyond the battlefield. Destroy, degrade, delay supply depot, HQ. OFFENSIVE AIR SUPPORT (OAS) BAI Destroy, neutralise or delay land forces, LOC, war machines, bridges. CAS MARITIME AIR OPERATIONS (MAO) ASuW Detect, identify, neutralise, destroy, ships, mine laying, ASW Detect, locate, track, submarine, mine laying. ARMED RECCE Opportunity targets within the battlefield. Locating and attacking personnel, material and facilities. Table 3: Examples of Force application roles and its operations and missions ROLES OPERATIONS MISSIONS TASKS FORCE ENHANCEMENT AIRLIFT Scheduled services. Movement of personnel and supplies. Airborne operations. Airdrop of personnel or cargo. Air logistic support. Distribute or recover personnel and materiel. Special air operations. Insertion and extraction of special forces, leaflet drop, voice broadcast. Aero-medical evacuation. MEDEVAC, CASEVAC, BODEVAC. AIR-TO-AIR REFUELLING (AAR) Towline AAR missions. Provide air-to-air refuelling. Trail AAR missions. AEW C Early warning and Surveillance. Provide information on enemy activity; provide air picture to AD forces C2, maritime surv. Control of air operations Control, monitor and direct OCA missions, manage AAR assets, coordinate rescue, assist in navigation. Weapons control. Control fighters, armed heli and GBAD. ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW) ESM Search, intercept, identify and locate EM emissions. ECM Electronic jamming, neutralisation or deception of en C2, EM capabilities, acquisition and targeting and combat capabilities, launching active decoys like chaff and flares. EPM Spoofing, inserting erroneous information. ISR OPERATIONS Strategic recce. Strategic warning, provide info for RD and weapon systems acquisition. Operational recce. Weather and geographical recce, defining vulnerable and vital enemy elements. Tactical recce. BDA, combat assessment, tactical threat warning, target imagery. SPECIAL FORCE OPERATIONS Unconventional warfare, direct action, Combating terrorism, special recce, Civil affairs, PSYOPS, Information operations, Counter proliferation Collect intelligence, sabotage, espionage, rescue, target laser designation, path-finding. Table 4: Examples of Force Enhancement roles and its operations and missions ROLES OPERATIONS MISSIONS TASKS FORCE SUSTENANCE BASE DEFENCE OPS Base active air defence Defend from air attack (SHORAD, AAA). Base passive air defence CCD, dispersion, air raid warning, reconstitution, recuperation. Base security Anti: sabotage, espionage, insertion, infiltration. BASE SUPPORT OPS Training Receive, Induct, Special skills. Operations Provide ATC, airfield, rescue, fire fighting, wx and C4I services. Material Supply, RD, clothing, refuelling, ammunition transportation, rations. Maintenance Servicing, repair, testing, salvage, refurbish, manufacture. Administration Organising, Planning, Finance, Religious and Medical services, Welfare Discipline, Law and order and Accommodation. LOGISTICS OPERATIONS Material Acquisition, Movement, Distribution, Storage, Maintenance, Disposition. Personnel Movement, Evacuation, Medical care. Facilities Acquisition, Construction, Maintenance, Disposition, Operation. Services Acquisition or Furnishing. CSAR Search, Locate and Rescue. Downed Aircrew or Distressed personnel. Table 4: Examples of Force Sustenance roles and its operations and missions DISCUSSION TRAINING 18. The lesson learnt from the previous conflict prompt the Israelis to have better preparation for the invasion during the Beckaa Valley War. One of their main preparations was training. The main objective of the training was to get the personnel to know in dept of whats going to happen during the actual invasion. Massive training conducted at the borders involving numerous personnel and assets. Advancement in technology is key assets to IAF. However, in order to achieve success the IAF personnel need to understand and have experience in handling this equipment. 19. The IAF conducted extensive northern border training exercise which acted as rehearsal for incoming invasion. The exercise was conducted for the period of 13 months which include rehearsal of sorties against simulated SAM-6 target at northern desert. This countless rehearsals eliminate many problems that the planners did not see when drafting the invasion plan. This rehearsal also intended to create planed desensitization of the PLO and Syrians. Fearing the invasion is on the way the PLO and the Syrians reacted to first few training exercises. However due to the alert fatigue the PLO and Syrians ignored the following training exercises including the actual invasion. INTELLIGENT 20. Electronic Warfare (EW) involves action to control electromagnetic spectrum or directed energy; this action will impede the enemy capability or ability use the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic signal Intelligent (ELINT) is a way to gather intelligent by use of electronic sensor. Signal identification is carried out by analyzing the collected parameters of specific signal to know its criteria, this data usually highly classified and protected. The gathered data usually pertinent to the enemy defense network especially the electronic part such as radar and surface-to-air missiles system. 21. As preparation for the invasion the IAF remotely piloted vehicles (RPV) overflew the area where the Syrians position their SAMs. These RPVs collected the intelligence which later used to develop the attack plan. The IAF use two assets in achieve the ELINT mission. The Mastiffs contained gyro stabilized television and high resolution camera which proven its effectiveness in photo reconnaissance. The Scouts is configured to carryout ELINT mission, picked up the radar emissions which enable the fingerprinting of the Syrians SAM radar. Both this assets able to deliver the information picked up directly to airborne or ground command post for immediate analysis. 22. Information gathered by the RPVs proven its effectiveness when the IAF manage to carry out their Suppression of Enemy Air Dense (SEAD) operation accurately and effectively. SURPRISE 23. Surprise depends on the initiative and is made more attainable by the versatility of the aerospace power. Where, when or how the enemy is struck is relatively independent of where and how and air force are postured Surprise is air power strongest advantage (air Power doctrine). 24. During Beckaa Valley war the IAF was able to achieve real surprise in the invasion because of Palestinians alert fatigue or cry wolf syndrome. The planed desensitization of PLO and Syrians worked when the IAF actually invaded Lebanon their ninth exercise and found that no real resistance from the PLO and Syrians. The PLO assume that, they had developed a deterrent to an Israelis invasion and the Syrians assumed that an attack to their SAM side is too risky for the IAF based on high losses that IAF suffered in previous conflict. Holding element of surprise in hand, along with good plan and precise intelligent IAF achieved success in Beckaa Valley war. COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION (C3) 25. C3 technology encompasses the capability to acquire, process and disseminate information across the force. The capability must be reliable, provide secure multilevel access, and be protected from enemy attacks. This will require advances not only in computing hardware and software but in the interconnecting fabric of communications. An important point to realize is that C3 is a human function. The method by which command and control is carried out is the C3 system, which serves to augment the cognitive functions of the individual engaged in command and control. A complex C3 system is an integrated combination of people, procedures, and hardware used to enhance the ability of the individual performing command and control. 26. IAF commanders proved that effective C3 is an important ingredient to successfully integrate combined armed effort. The IAF projected the role of C3 as the nervous system and the tactical commanders act as the brain. Two main assets that participate in C3 efforts was Israelis version of Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeyes. The Boeing 707 serves primarily as an electronic support measure (ESM) and electronic counter measure (ECM). ESM involves gathering of information while ECM involve in jamming and deception of enemy communication. The E-2C served as airborne command post, on this aircraft the tactical commanders was able to process real time intelligent, develop true picture of the tactical situation, coordinate its offensive assets with the proper timing, monitor the attack live and assess the effectiveness of the attack. SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSE 27. Once the training rehearsal completed, sufficient intelligent was gathered and setup of effective C3 is done the IAF went into action. To make a way for easy air battle its important to IAF to launch SEAD operation which is divided into 3 phases. 28. The first phase involve deception which stimulate the Syrians radar into action. The IAF launch RPVs over the target to re-verify the location of the SAM sides and their radar frequencies. The slow speed of the RPVs did not generate interest of the Syrians who thought another training rehearsal is ongoing. Combined with the ground forces the IAF launches Samsons and Delilahs decoys which received attention of Syrians because of the size and speed of this decoys similar to attacking aircraft when viewed on radar screen. IAF also launches these decoys in the direction of the sun to degrade Syrians optical guidance system which leaves them to relay on their radar. The Syrians took the bait as the launch their missiles towards the incoming decoys and increase their vulnerabilities to anti radiation missiles (ARM). The Boeing 707 sensor confirms the Syrians radar was fully activated and when they were on first reloads cycle the second phase was launched. 29. The second phase involved a lot of activities into effective harassment and suppression operation. The Boeing 707 now uses its ECM capability start jamming the Syrians radar. The jamming activites is not only carried out by the Boeing 707 it also involves ground based jammers and airborne jammers located on attach helicopters. Artillery fire with the aim of the targets adjusted by image from the RPVs started to harass the SAM operators. The SAM site also bombarded with 105mm Howitzer cannon and the same time the IAF launches chaff dispensing rockets to emphasis the jamming technique. With radar screen blinded and the operators harassed by the artillery fire, the IAF went into action. The F-4E launches Shrike and standard ARM missiles which homed in on the radar antenna. Once the attack was completed the tactical commanders was able to determine the remaining SAM that need to be destroyed. 30. The final phase of the SEAD operation concentrated on destroying the remaining Syrians SAM. E-2C Hawkeyes now vectored the IAF F-16s, A-4 and Kfir through undefended area to carry out attack on surviving radar vans and SA-6 missiles launchers. The IAF use multiple ammunition in this attack such standoff ammunitions, cluster bombs and general purpose bombs. The Syrians tried to fight back with launching the remaining missile, but due to the jamming effect their missiles lack of target acquisitions and target tracking the was ineffective towards IAF high maneuverable aircraft. THE AIR BATTLE. 31. The Israelis again utilize RPVs, Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeyes for the air battle. When the Syrians MiGs takes off from their air field the Israelis commander was able to watch live image feed through the RPVs loitering over head Syrian airfield. The E-2C Hawkeyes also was able to watch the MiGs takeoff using APS-125 radar which able to detect and track target up to 250 miles and ALR-59 passive detection system able to detect and classify target up to 500 miles. Using this advance technology the controller on board of the E-2C Hawkeyes vectored IAF F-15s and F-16s fighter to intercept the Syrian MiGs. The Syrians used Russian fighter tactic which highly dependent on ground controlled intercept (GCI). However, when the Syrians radar and communication line was jammed they were literally become sitting duck for IAF F-15s and F-16 fighter. LESSON LEARNED COUNTER AIR x. Counter air defined as the use of air power to deter, contain or defeat the enemy air forces. It assures the friendly use of the environment while denying its use to an enemy. Counter air roles can be divided into the following roles. x. Offensive counter air (OCA) To destroy, disrupts or confines enemy air power at their source and prevents them from conducting their own counter air campaign. x. Defensive counter air (DCA) Employ interceptors, escorts, armed helicopters or GBAD against enemy forces threatening to engage own forces or facilities or infiltrate our airspace. X. During the Beckaa Valley war the Israelis demonstrated how to apply counter air role in war. They showed how OCA able to achieve air superiority and open a getaway for DCA operation where they carried out the SEAD operation. FORCE APPLICATION x. Armed Reconnaissance is part of operation that carried out for force application roles. Mission is designed to for the purpose of locating and attacking targets of opportunity. It is a form of interdiction against opportunity targets in a designated area or along lines of communication within the battlefield. Control of the electronic spectrum showed how an integrated plan using RPVs, decoys, chaff and anti radiation missiles (ARM) can be used to terrorize the enemy. The ability to control electronic spectrum also will tremendously reduce the losses of friendly aircraft. FORCE ENHANCEMENT It multiplies the combat effectiveness of air and surface forces and increases the ability of these forces in non-combatant roles. The main operations applied at Beckaa Valley are Airborne Early Warning Command (AEWC) which employed using Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeye aircraft. Intelligent, surveillance and recce used the RPVs to carry out the mission. Employment of EW using various method, technique and equipment determine the success of IAF The Israelis demonstrated how the proper combination of air and land operation can cause devastating defeat of the enemy. Land based support through jammers, artillery, rocket, and missiles not only contribute but the cause huge damage to Syrian e SAMs. This action shows how important for the nation armed forces to concentrated all the weapon system available to achieve one goal. x. Israelis manage all the assets available to them through effective use of 3C; they demonstrated in any war the access or denial of C3 can make huge difference to determine the success of the mission. Having access to real-time intelligent benefited the Israelis to have better situational awareness and denial the Syrians of C3 create confusion within the Syrian forces and this is become the key for Israelis success at Beckaa Valley. x. Capability of having advance technology compare to your enemy will determine the success of any war. During Beckaa Valley the Israelis is well equipped with advance technology from the Americans. Even tough, the Syrians are equipped with the Russian technology but it is well known that the Russian was never fully transferred their full capability or technology to any country. The F-15 and F-16 is way much superior fighter compare to their adversary the Migs 21 and 23. Losing the C3 causing the MiGs lost direction and become practice target for the Israelis fighter. CONCLUSION It is easier and more effective to destroy the enemys aerial power by destroying his nests and eggs on the ground than to hunt for his flying birds in the air. Gen Giulio Douhet x. The Beckaa Valley war is an operation launched to achieve the Israelis national goal. To achieve this goals the Israelis demonstrated how a proper training, outstanding C3, intelligent gathering, control of electromagnetic spectrum and advance technology able determine the success of a war. RECOMMENDATION TRAINING x. As proven during Beckaa Valley war a proper training will determine the success of the war. RMAF has to plan the training according to the future needs especially paying particular attention into the electronic warfare. EW had to be implied to all officers and others ranks; starting from the basic training, EW should be included in training syllabus of recruits and cadet officers. x. Theory training must continue with practical training so that when the actual conflicts take place the personnel knows what to do. Currently RMAF are conducting EW training at Pusat Latihan Peperangan Khas (PLPE). However, the training which divided into basic and advance training lack of practical training. Lack off assets is a factor contributing factor for lack of practical training. RMAF had to revise the procurement plan so that it will include more EW assets and proper training can be carried out utilizing these equipments. ELECTRONIC WAR FARE SUPPORT CENTER (EWSC) x. EWSC was set up in 1995 to support the HAWK fleet EW operation. However the operations have not achieved its goal due to insufficient equipment. The F-18D has the capability of airborne self protection jammer but this equipment is only operating within the F-18 fleet. The latest procurement of sophisticated fighter the Su-30MKM incorporates the advance EW system; again this system is operating within the Sus. RMAF will not achieve success on EW if the current trend of buying is not changed. Every proposal of new EW system need to be studied thoroughly by EWSC and ensure the procurement can be integrated to all RMAF platforms x. EWSC must play more critical role during peace time. Analysis of data captured is critical for usage during conflict. Proper equipment has to be procured to support more advance function of EWCS. Interoperability between aircraft needs to be improved and RMAF had to make a clear requirement for the future needs so that it will tally by the way the war in future will be fought. ASSETS x. When we talk about assets for future conflict before we make any recommendation lets look of what our neighbors have; Country (Singapore) EW equipment Capability Ground SIGINT Operation Capable of comprehensively and systematically monitor communication out to 2,000 KM around the Island Airborne SIGINT Operation 2 x C-130 equipped with Israelis technology to carry out SIGINT, COMINT, ELINT mission 6 x Fokker-50 Maritime Enforcer Mark-2 maritime patrol aircraft equipped with modern SIGINT system Able to carry out EW mission from Australia, Andaman sea, west coast of Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) 40 X Searcher Mark II Israelis made Scout UAV Able to carry out task/mission that risk to human pilot, slow speed and low penetration will avoid radar detection and carry out SIGINT, ELINT and COMINT mission. Airborne Early Warning 4 X E-2C Hawkeyes Better coverage compare to ground radar and able to become airborne command post. Table 2; Singapore EW capability. x. Based on the table above can we determine where do we stand in term of EW? Are we able to defend our nation if we are under attack? These are some of the question that will hunt RMAF if we do happen to have conflict with our neighbors. Current RMAF assets are not capable of conducting EW campaign, even though we do have some EW elements on HAWK, F-18s and Su-30MKM but the usage is very limited. We recommend that RMAF to look into the future procurement list and start listing the following EW assets if we want to achieve success on EW conflict; x. UAV x. Airborne Early Warning Command System. x. Ground base or airborne based jammer system. X Protection of our communication line through Frequency hopping systems

Developments between 1860 and 1877 Essay

In 1861 the bloodiest and one of the most important revolutions in American History began, The Civil War. Socially this war had been brewing since the beginning of slavery. This controversial subject had been the object of debate mainly because it required a balance between free and slave states. Slavery was also a big issue between the Democrats in the 1860 election because they could not agree on the issue of popular sovereignty. This eventually led to their splitting which opened up the doors for Lincoln to take office. After Lincoln was inaugurated in 1860 seven states ceded and later four more. The south believed they were within their constitutional right to cede. In South Carolina’s Declaration of Causes for Session the state says, â€Å"Powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution†¦are reserved to the states (Doc A).† This leaves Lincoln at a quandary over the age old constitutional issue of Nullification and session debated back in the day of the Virginia Kentucky resolutions and Hartford Convention. He resolves that it is not within the states power to cede and brings the nation to war. The eventual victory for the North would bring about one of the greatest changes in history; the Emancipation Proclamation that forever ended slavery and changed the southern way of life. With Slavery no more and a Southern society in ruins more changes had to be made in the Reconstruction revolution. After Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for reconstruction failed, the Republicans who now controlled congress took the reigns. Socially there was the large issue of all these freedmen with nowhere to go, who are now demanding equality. In a petition written just after the war in 1865 from African Americans to the Tennessee Convention the blacks say, â€Å"If we are called to military duty†¦should we be denied the right to vote (Doc C).† That same year a letter to the Freedmen’s Bureau (a group dedicated to helping protect blacks and their rights), from a group of blacks was asking for homesteads so they may have the same rights as white land owners (Doc E). With the need to help these newly freed blacks and protect them from those endorsing things like the Black Codes, states had to develop a constitution with special specifications to black’s rights. The constitutional changes that occurred not only to the state governments but to the national governments as well were the thirteenth amendment that ended slavery, the fourteenth that made blacks citizens, and the fifteenth that gave blacks the right to vote as illustrated in The First Vote (Doc G). The latter developments changed the south and America forever. The entire southern way of life was flipped upside down economically and socially. Sharecropping and the crop-lien system emerged to solve the labor shortages, blacks status increased, and education expanded; these are some of the main results of the Reconstruction Revolution. The Final revolution of this time unfortunately was that of the Redeemers. Since the beginning the conservatives had been fighting reconstruction in the South. The South had always had people (the democrats) opposed to black suffrage. Gideon Wells said, â€Å"The Federal government has no right†¦to dictate the matter of suffrage (Doc D).† To resolve these conservatives would require literacy tests to vote, and reinstate property requirements. These methods were ways around the vague constitutional developments of the 15th amendment. Violence was also used as a means to control the black population in the South. The Klu Klux Klan and White League would use terrorist acts on blacks and lynch many innocent blacks to discourage them from voting as illustrated in (Doc I). Blacks were also segregated from whites, which after the Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson was deemed legal as long as they had equal opportunities; however, the blacks did not have equal opportunities but it still allowed the whites to avoid the 14th amendment. Finally, in the Compromise of 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president and withdrew the troops from the south. The north believed that with the vote the blacks could take care of themselves and they also had their eyes focused on the West. However, with the soldiers gone the blacks became once again subject to the will of the whites. This is where history is debated on whether reconstruction was a success because the Redeemer revolution reverted the south back to a segregated area of tension once again. The faà §ade that was America changed significantly from 1860 to 1877. The constitution had been written a century prior leaving out many key issues. To address these issues revolutions took place and in the end change was made. The debate over slavery and cession led to finally freeing those who never deserved oppression. The end of the Civil War brought about the need for black rights and new ways of life. Opposition to these revolutions led to the reverting revolution that turned back the clock taking away once again what so many died for. The social and constitutional developments that helped fuel these revolutions are responsible for some of the nation’s greatest achievements like the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, and some of the worst like segregation.

Intercultural Communication and Business Practice

Intercultural Communication and Business Practice: The system of sharing symbolic resources by a group of people is known as culture and communication is basically the practice of making and exchanging these symbolic resources or meanings. Since intercultural communication is basically communication between people of various cultures, intercultural business communication is considered as the communication by people of different cultures between and within businesses (Chen, 2007).The importance of intercultural business communication and impact of intercultural communication in business practice is largely because of diversity in the workplace. Most organization and businesses depend on intercultural communication since cultural differences do not prevent people from working with each other. Actually, in today’s business environment, the need for good intercultural communication skills cannot be underestimated since it results in better business. Revolutionary Shift in Business Practice through Intercultural Communication:As compared to fifteen years ago, business ventures and practice are rapidly becoming more and more globalized (Shively, 2010). This is largely due to the fact that today’s world is characterized by an ever increasing number of interactions between people from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. International business has begun to develop in more prominent cultures with the exception of only a few regions. Consequently, the revolutionary shift in business practice from an intercultural communication angle is the rapid development of international business ventures across the globe.Business ventures and enterprises are now adopting an international or global perspective that enables them to conduct their business effectively across various cultures. This shift to international business from a global perspective is due to the fact that intercultural communication is a common daily experience, universal phenomenon and has been on-going for thousands of years. The increase of intercultural communication in the twenty-first century is also a factor that has contributed to the revolutionary shift in business practice.From an intercultural communication angle, there are four major developments that were significant to the rapid growth of intercultural communication and revolutionary shift in business practice. These major developments include: 1. Developments in Transportation Technology: The developments in transportation technology has not only helped in shrinking the world to a global village but it has in turn created a means for people to travel anywhere within a period of days (â€Å"Chapter 1† n. d. ).As a result of this easier and quicker traveling, people from different cultural backgrounds communicate in the modern world and engage in business ventures and practices. 2. Improvements in Communication Technology: Improvements in communication technology happened concurrently with those in transportation technology prompting the rapid movement toward a global village. These improvements have resulted in the ability of people to have instant vocal, video, textual and graphic communication. Consequently, conducting international business has also been made easier because of the instant global communication in various forms. . Changes in Patterns of Mass Migration: With the movement of millions of people across national borders, contacts with people from other cultures have now become a normal part of day-to-day life. This has made businesses to strive in attempts to adapt to the cultural diversity including advertising to communities using their respective language. Such efforts enable businesses to communicate effectively to their customers from different cultural backgrounds. 4. Globalization of the World Economy:This is the major development in intercultural communication that has resulted in the revolutionary shift in business practice since international businesses have become a vital economic force for many nations. This development has been brought by the fact that intercultural communication serves as a platform for conducting international business through international communication. The globalization of the world’s economy has challenged business people to become more internationally aware and inter-culturally adept. Revolutionary shift in business practice is also evident in the fact that globalization has promoted mobility and made the abor market more challenging (Espinar, 2010). However, working in an international team and interacting with business partners or customers from different cultural backgrounds has brought challenges and the need for new attitudes and skills. For international businesses to gain competitive advantage, there is need for conscious efforts in acquiring new skills to communicate successfully in a global context (â€Å"Introduction†, n. d. ). Furthermore, the global business environment requires a broad training on intercultural communication because of the cultural diversity and increasing globalization. Cultural Diversity Management:Since the need for communication is a fundamental principle in the success of any business, management of cultural diversity is crucial. This is because intercultural communication may present difficult impediments that cover the whole communication spectrum. These intercultural barriers and conflicts that characterize today’s workplace basically involve verbal and non-verbal communication factors which have a huge impact on communication with people of other cultures. The major intercultural barriers and conflicts include ethnocentricity, jargon and slang, stereotypes, eye contact, time and personal space.Ethnocentricity is basically considered as the assumption that other cultures speak the same language with a person’s culture. This has resulted in businesses conducting their transactions on their language and contributed to the failure of these businesses in foreign markets. While every culture develops unique sets of jargons and slang and use them in their business ventures, people from other cultures do not understand their meanings resulting in intercultural communication barriers. Various cultures have distinct approaches to personal space and a lack of cultural understanding may make certain people uncomfortable (Evans, n. . ). Stereotypes and assumptions across cultures have distinct meanings which significantly impact effective intercultural communication. Understanding cultural norms concerning eye contact and time is essential in effective intercultural business communication. This is due to the divergent approaches to eye contact and time across various cultures. Throughout the history of management of cultural diversity in businesses, there have been significant changes in which has led to the adoption of new business practices in handling intercultural communication barriers and conflicts.F rom a historical perspective, addressing these barriers and conflicts was based on the predominantly indigenous and homogenous workforce. Intercultural business communication was minimal because of the nature of the business environment that wasn’t culturally diverse. The general cultural diversity management was developed through anti-discrimination, equality legislation, workplace ethics and affirmative action. The management mainly relied on affirmative action and equality policies to handle the intercultural barriers and conflicts in the workplace.This business practice and approach by the management developed in the United States and was intended to conquer the dominance of white males in the business and workplace environment. Generally, there was no strategic approach of addressing intercultural communication barriers and conflicts. Management practices in the handling of intercultural communication barriers and conflicts have changed over time because of the worldâ₠¬â„¢s increasing globalization. Given that people are no longer in an insular marketplace and have become part of the global economy, there is need for interacting with people of divergent cultures.Consequently, management of and importance of workplace diversity has become a fundamental issue for management today (Green et al, n. d. ). One of the major changes in diversity management is the development of the necessary managerial skills to supervise a multicultural work environment. These managerial skills basically involve training on multicultural differences within the organization in order to treat business associates, colleagues, partners and customers with dignity.The current approach in handling intercultural communication obstacles and intercultural conflicts are not confined to compliance driven or rights-based practices. While equality and other diversity management legislations are integral in the process, the current practices involve a holistic approach. This holistic approach is for the strategic use of the diversity of people in the business environment to achieve business and organizational incentives. Instead of focusing on making the individuals fit to institutional values, the holistic approach focuses on valuing the individual.As a result, the management and business objectives are connected since the approach capitalizes on drawing potential from individuals’ diversity. Conclusion: Intercultural business communication is essential to today’s business environment because of the diverse workforce which is a reflection of the changing marketplace and world. While a culturally diverse workforce adds greater value to organizations and businesses, it also brings several challenges and conflicts that need to be addressed. Therefore, it’s important for managers to possess necessary skills in handling these challenges to communicate effectively.References: â€Å"Chapter 1: Introduction to Intercultural Communication. † (n. d. ). Learning Chapters, from www. cflo. edu. cn/jiaocai/109/147/992075/. doc Chen, J. (2007, August 7). International Business Communication, from http://ccomm. bravehost. com/Report1. html Espinar, A. L. (2010). The Use of ICT In The Development of Intercultural Business Communication, from http://www. pixel-online. net/ICT4LL2010/common/download/Proceedings_pdf/LBV06-Larrea_Espinar. pdf Evans, K. (n. d. ). Six Barriers to Intercultural Communication, from http://www. how. com/list_6303080_six-barriers-intercultural-communication. html Green et al (n. d. ). Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges and the Required Managerial Tools, from http://edis. ifas. ufl. edu/hr022 â€Å"Introduction. † (n. d. ). Research on Contemporary Diplomacy, from DiploFoundation Education website: http://www. diplomacy. edu/language/communication/main. htm Shively, M. (2010, March 29). Intercultural Business Taboos: What to Avoid, from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/28199 50/intercultural_business_taboos_what. html